Executive Summary Militant groups in Northern Nigeria, including Boko Haram and Islamic State–West Africa Province (ISWAP), increasingly exploit encrypted messaging apps, social media algorithms, and AI tools to recruit, radicalize, and coordinate. Nigeria’s counterterrorism response has developed a legal framework and cyber units. Still, it... MORE

  Executive Summary Islamic State’s Libyan network remains degraded but resilient, sustained by integration with transnational smuggling and financial networks in the country’s south and links to instability in Sudan and the Sahel. Political and militia fragmentation in Tripoli and Haftar’s dynastic consolidation in the east... MORE

The BLA has become South Asia’s most capable active insurgent group, with growing manpower, sophisticated attacks, and strong social legitimacy among alienated Baloch youth. Pakistan’s security-first approach and new counterterrorism laws are fueling—not containing—the insurgency, pushing more Baloch toward militancy and entrenching anti-state resentment. The... MORE

Executive Summary JNIM is expanding both south and north, conducting new attacks in Benin and Niger nearing the borders of Algeria and Nigeria—showing ambitions to control a trans-Sahelian corridor that mirrors historical Islamic polities. The group is consolidating control in central Mali, potentially preparing for... MORE