Sze-Fung Lee
Sze-Fung Lee is an independent researcher specializing in Chinese hybrid warfare, including Foreign Information Manipulation and Interference (FIMI), Grand Strategy, Nuclear Proliferation, Gray Zone Tactics, and Cognitive Warfare. Zir research also focuses on Indo-Pacific security policy, challenges posed by emerging technologies, and the politics of Hong Kong.
Find ze on X (formerly Twitter) @imleeszefung
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Articles by Sze-Fung Lee
Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics: PRC Consulate Gray Zone ‘Pop-up’ Events in New York and Beyond
Executive Summary The Consulates General of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in New York, San Francisco, and Chicago have been conducting gray zone “pop-up” consular service events across the
Part II: Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics: PRC Consulate Gray Zone ‘Pop-up’ Events in New York
Executive Summary: “Pop-up” events by People’s Republic of China (PRC) consular officials across the United States are accompanied by online propaganda campaigns on social media, as part of a gray
Part I: Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics: PRC Consulate Gray Zone ‘Pop-up’ Events in New York and Beyond
Executive Summary The Consulates General of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in New York, San Francisco, and Chicago have been conducting gray zone “pop-up” consular service events across the
The Untold Psychological War in Hong Kong: Gray Media’s Influence Operation on the Legislation of Article 23
Executive Summary: Analysis of five gray media outlets in Hong Kong during the consultation period for Article 23 legislation passed earlier this year, show how they echo governmental talking points
Deepfakes with Chinese Characteristics: PRC Influence Operations in 2024
Executive Summary: The PRC’s potential to interfere in elections with deepfakes has been noted, with strategies including creating false narratives around candidates and misleading information on electoral processes. Advanced AI