Executive Summary: Moscow views Arctic cooperation with the United States as a means of deepening the divide between Washington and Europe. The United States, conversely, views cooperation with the Russian Federation in the Arctic as a means of dividing Moscow and Beijing. The Kremlin seeks... MORE

Executive Summary: The Russian North is negatively impacted by climate change at a rate that is three times faster than in the south. The thawing permafrost, faltering infrastructure, and isolation of the population centers and military bases in Russia’s North place additional requirements on Moscow... MORE

Executive Summary: The People’s Republic of China (PRC) has expanded its activities in the Arctic since the start of Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. Moscow needs PRC engagement in the Arctic as sanctions limit Russian activities, but fears the PRC will try to become the... MORE